CHILD SOLDIER, SIMPLE FARMER

16 Jan

Thu Sok waits out the rain in a Koh Trung café.

Soft-spoken and shy, Thu Sok, 49, begins our interview with an apology. “I’m illiterate,” he says, “I don’t think I can answer any of your questions.”

We’re sitting in this tiny wood-walled, dirt-floored café on Koh Trung, a Mekong River island over 300km northeast of Phnom Penh. Everyone on the island farms: rice, bananas, beans, cucumbers, pomelos, coconuts… Indigo blue butterflies flit between the trees—more butterflies than I’ve ever seen—while the sonorous chanting of monks can be heard rising and falling from a nearby pagoda.

Across the muddy river is Kratie—a small town of weather-stained colonial shops and old wooden houses. When I visited the town in September 2011, more than half of it was flooded.

Thu Sok supports his wife and children by farming, selling coconuts, and hauling sacks of coal. He doesn’t complain about his quality of life—his simple and unchanging poverty is paradise compared to the horrors he endured in the 1970s.

At 14, a local Khmer Rouge commander forced Thu Sok to join Pol Pot’s army. Thu Sok had no choice: it was death now, or death later. The farm boy learned how to fire pistols, machine guns, and RPGs.

“In 1977, they sent us to defend Memot District in Kampong Cham Province,” Thu Sok says. Memot District is a piece of land that juts right into southern Vietnam.

Cambodia and South Vietnam’s pro-American governments fell to communist forces within two weeks of each other in April 1975. Earlier that month, Cambodia’s Prince Sirik Matak penned a response to the U.S. ambassador’s asylum offer: “I cannot, alas, leave in such a cowardly fashion… I never believed for a moment that you would have this sentiment of abandoning a people which has chosen liberty… I have only committed the mistake of believing in you, the Americans.” Shortly after the fall of Phnom Penh, Prince Sirik Matak was shot in the stomach by the Khmer Rouge, then left to die of his wounds.

The Vietnam People’s Army and the Khmer Rouge, once allies in their fight against Western imperialism, began engaging each other in small border skirmishes in May of 1975. By late 1978, these skirmishes had turned into an all-out war—a war that would lead to Vietnam’s ten-year occupation of Cambodia, the ousting of the Khmer Rouge, and the end of Cambodia’s horrific social genocide.

“The Vietnamese surrounded us,” Thu Sok says. “They completely destroyed our unit: there was no way to escape.” Outnumbered and outgunned with his comrades dead and dying around him, Thu Sok decided to put down his weapon and run. Along with several other boy-soldiers, Thu Sok managed to slip through Vietnamese lines and flee into the jungle. Together, the boys walked through the forests and back roads of Kampong Cham and Kratie Provinces. They avoided main arteries—they were afraid of being executed for desertion. “We kept getting lost,” Thu Sok says. “It took a very long time to get home.”

Since getting married in 1986, little has changed in Thu Sok’s life. While his island home has been purged of wildlife, he sees this as a mixed blessing—“at least there are no more cobras.” But, with a $5 billion USD hydroelectric dam about to be opened a short distance upstream—a Chinese-funded project that the inter-governmental Mekong River Commission says will displace nearly 20,000 people and cause irreparable damage to the Mekong’s ecosystem—Thu Sok’s future is anything but certain.

“I try to forget my war experiences,” Thu Sok says. “The 1970s were a miserable time—not only for me, but for the entire country… I like my life the way it is now. I wouldn’t want to change a thing.”

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

MY FRIEND, KHUM PESETH

31 Dec

Khum Peseth and two-year-old Bun Nin at home in Kampong Speu

Khum Peseth sits behind the ring, cupping his groin in swollen, taped hands. He’s shouting at anyone who’ll listen. He says he didn’t want to fight today. He says the organizer didn’t give him a choice. He says that this was all a set-up.

For three rounds, Peseth danced between blows, bringing the fight close with sharp jabs and heels to his opponent’s gut and head. The fight was Peseth’s until a knee mangled his groin and he was down, reeling over the Muscle Wine-ad floor.

You can imagine his face.

Peseth’s trainer and the referee helped him to his feet. Sitting on a stool, he got rubbed down, took a drink of water, then tried to walk it off–he had to lean on the ropes. It took a good ten minutes for Peseth to say okay, I’m okay: let’s fight. The crowd cheered him on.

Round four. Peseth is pulverized. He made a weak comeback in five, but at the end of it all, the judges called the fight a draw.

 *          *          *

I talked to three other fighters that day. All were young, built, and beautiful; all said fighting pro was a childhood dream. Then I met Peseth sweating in his blue shorts, lean and sinewy, his face prematurely aged from absorbing fists.

Once dressed, Peseth calmed down. We sat behind the bleachers and his two-year-old son stumbled into his lap. Peseth said that he’s won more than two thirds of his three hundred plus fights. He said he’d win more if he could train full-time. He can’t train full-time because he needs to work–work is selling fish sauce from the back of a borrowed tuk tuk and hauling 50kg sacks of cement powder onto trucks. Both jobs pay less than two dollars per day, and the latter one, Peseth said, is slowly destroying his health.

“I have no great love for fighting,” Peseth told me. “I fight to feed my family.”

After our interview, Peseth left the arena with $65 in his pocket and four other people squeezed onto his tiny exhaust-spewing motorbike. I would see him again; Peseth would become my friend… At the end of his last fight, some three months later, he climbed down from the ring covered in blood and sweat and came right up to me with a hug. I was wearing a white shirt, but like Peseth, I was ecstatic–it was his first win since we’d met.

(For more on Khum Peseth’s fight to feed his family, pick up the February issue of the Southeast Asia Globe)

Tags: , , , , , , , , ,

BEGGING FOR CHANGE

13 Dec

Nop Penh begging along Sisowath Quay
photo by Sam Jam
(samjamphoto.com)

Every day, up and down. Thin rubber wheels, hole-rutted cement. Nop Penh with a cap balanced between two stumps. He doesn’t need to ask for money. The message is clear. Help.

Twenty years old. Handsome. Gentle, intelligent eyes. Eloquent. Never went to school. “How could I?” he says, looking at his limbless body, at the smooth rounded flesh where his arms abruptly end, at the toes that curl from his left hip, at the perfectly formed foot that emerges from his right. Nop Penh is the youngest of nine children. He is the only one who was born this way.

Cambodia’s social security network is almost nonexistent. Local and international NGOs try to fill the gaping holes, but it’s impossible for them to support every Cambodian in need. Nop Penh was given a wheelchair.

“What work can I do?” he says, “Begging is my only future.” It’s also his only past. For as long as he can remember, Nop Penh has been carried or wheeled by parents, brothers and sisters, their offspring, always asking for money.

He works from 7am to 11pm. Today, his silent 13-year-old nephew eases him through the tourist throngs of Sisowath Quay, the city’s riverfront hub of gaudy and chic hotels, bars, restaurants, cafés. A few massage parlours. Plenty of hostesses. Backpackers munching cosmic green pizza and drivers eternally asking you if you want tuk tuk? Moto? Girl? Killing Fields? Ganja? Boy? Palace? Yama? Shooting range?

Afternoons are the best and Vietnamese tourists fork out the most. Maybe he reminds them of their beggars, so many deformed by America’s Agent Orange.

Phnom Penh’s glittering Royal Palace is Nop Penh’s most lucrative begging ground. No tourist visits the city without seeing it and tourists pay more than Cambodians. But Nop Penh is not the only one who works here. Other beggars often drive him away. “They tell me that this is their area,” he says, “but I never listen. Sometimes they do nothing, but when they hit me with their sticks, I go.”

Nop Penh makes anywhere from 15,000 to 30,000 riel a day ($3.75 to $7.50 USD). This might seem like a meagre living, but in a country where more than half of the population lives off less than two dollars a day, Nop Penh nets a small fortune. This small fortune has allowed his parents to retire in their mid-fifties. They stay at home. Nop Penh and his nephew hit the pavement.

“Nothing,” Nop Penh says, “will ever change.”

(For more on Phnom Penh’s beggars, see the January issue of the Southeast Asia Globe.)

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , ,

SACRED LOTUS, SCRUMPTIOUS SNACK

21 Nov

Nelumba nucifera in full bloom.

The lotus flower rises from filth, unstained. Found throughout Asia, Nelumbo nucifera is an aquatic perennial that makes its home in murky malarial pools. Its beautiful pink and white flowers tower more than a metre above the water, pale petals standing in stark contrast to its profusion of wide hovering emerald leaves.

The lotus is an important symbol in Hindu and Buddhist lore and iconography. In both religious traditions, the lotus, untarnished by the foul waters from which it rises, has become synonymous with overcoming the attachments of our impure physical world to achieve a state of perfection and grace. The Hindu god Brahma was born from a lotus sprouting from Vishnu’s navel, and on the eve of the Buddha’s conception, his mother, Queen Maya, dreamt of a white elephant bearing a lotus flower in its trunk. Throughout Asia, the Buddha is often depicted atop of a fully bloomed lotus, as are many Hindu deities such as Lakshmi and Ganesha. Other Hindu deities are frequently found holding the flower in both its budding and blossomed state, and from Tibet to Thailand, the flower forms a common decorative motif in thousands of temples.

A Buddha meditates atop a lotus flower in Fukushima, Japan.

In Cambodia, Nelumba nucifera is most often found on the periphery of flooded rice paddies or in stagnant pagoda ponds. In other Asian countries, the plant’s flowers, leaves, stems, and rootstalks are prepared as garnishes and teas, or used as vegetables in salads and stir fries. The plant is also traditionally used for medicinal purposes—it contains the morphine-like alkaloids nuciferine and aporphine. Throughout the world, the lotus’ dried seed pods are used in floral arrangements, and in Burma, silk-like robes for monks and Buddha images are painstakingly woven from the fibres found in the lotus’ stalk.

To Cambodians, however, the lotus has one true function: its seeds are a tasty snack. The lotus’ fruit, or seed pod (which bears an uncanny resemblance to the spout of a common garden watering can), is commonly sold throughout the Khmer Kingdom. On a country road in Takeo province, this author bought four pods from a woman tending a stunning mosquito-riddled lotus plantation for one thousand riel (approx. $0.25 USD). Each pod contains nearly two dozen seeds.

To eat the lotus fruit, break apart the pods and peel the green husks from the seeds. The white inner flesh of the seeds is delicious.

To eat the seeds, use your fingers to break apart the firm and stringy flesh of the pod. Extract the seeds and peel off their thin green husks. While smaller hollow seeds are inedible, the larger, firmer seeds are absolutely delicious. Their soft, pulpy white flesh tastes like a juicy and slightly bitter peanut.

*          *          *

They eat, they drink, and nature gives the feast
The trees around them all their food produce:
Lotus the name: divine, nectareous juice!
(Thence call’d Lo’ophagi); which whose tastes,
Insatiate riots in the sweet repasts,
Nor other home, nor other care intends,
But quits his house, his country, and his friends.
The three we sent, from off the enchanting ground
We dragg’d reluctant, and by force we bound.
The rest in haste forsook the pleasing shore,
Or, the charm tasted, had return’d no more.

HOMER
The Odyssey
(Book IX)
Trans. by Alexander Pope

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , ,

SINKING IN THE SHADOW OF PROGRESS

7 Nov

Koh Dach and the Death of Cambodia’s Cottage Industries

Kan Teh (centre, with neighbours) has lived on Koh Dach his entire life. His family once made its living from farming and weaving: occupations that are no longer profitable. Two of Kan Teh's three children work in garment factories in Phnom Penh. The third, who is unemployed, still lives at home. To support their small family, Kan Teh’s wife (not pictured) sells sarongs and scarves in neighbouring provinces. At best, she can only make a few dollars a day.

The flat-bottomed rust bucket ferry groans as it hits a sandbar. The boat lurches. Passengers gasp. I grab the rail and pray. The boat rights itself. No bikes have toppled.

The bow runs aground in a flooded banana plantation. Muddy Mekong laps unripe fruit. The gate drops. I get on my little Honda motorbike and roll onto a pothole-riddled track. Emaciated white cattle graze on tufts of grass while naked children splash in a nearby puddle. As I shift gears, a woman runs after me with an armload of silk. “Hey mister!” she screams. “Hey mister! You buy scarf?”

Koh Dach is a small Mekong River island situated fifteen kilometres northeast of Phnom Penh. With the exception of old motorbikes and the odd electric light, Koh Dach is a world away from the choking urban bustle mushrooming downstream. The half-hour trip to the island is a trip into the past, a journey to a world before concrete, “progress,” and industry. Tranquil Koh Dach, however, is not an oasis of tradition: while the majority of Cambodians have benefited from the past decade’s economic boom, Koh Dach residents have seen their fortunes dwindle.

In the dry season, the small sandy beach on Koh Dach’s north shore is a favourite picnic getaway for city dwellers. In the rainy season, the beach disappears and so do the visitors. Then, in the shadows cast by the island’s big stilted houses, you’ll find potters, woodcarvers, and dozens upon dozens of weavers working their ancient looms. Strands of colour and gold stretched on wooden frames. Thread spun on inverted bicycles. Then a woman working the loom, fast, unthinking, brilliant patterns emerging from the patterns of her hands’ history.

The meagre income Koh Dach residents generate from their cottage industries is supplemented by sustenance farming: nearly every household sports a small family plot brimming with broad-leafed banana plants, lanky papaya trees, and brilliant shimmering green rice paddies. At the time of writing, however, many of these tiny plantations have been destroyed by the floodwaters that are currently ravaging Cambodia’s countryside.

Waking up at dawn, Souvoen, 44, can make a single sarong in a day. Phnom Penh merchants pay her $3.50 USD for the type of garment pictured, which is then sold in markets for more than double that price.

Like her parents and grandparents and all the generations that came before her, Souvoen, 44, has spent her whole life weaving underneath her raised house. At first she is quiet and withdrawn, wary of me and my questions. When I ask Souvoen about her family, a smile creeps across her face; a smile that quickly disappears when she contemplates the future of her community. Souvoen works the family’s three looms with two of her four children: the other two work in garment factories in Phnom Penh. Souvoen claims that the economic boom transforming the nearby capital has not benefitted Koh Dach in the slightest. In fact, she sees a direct correlation between Phnom Penh’s growth and the decline of her community. “Life is not getting any better,” Souvoen says. “It is getting worse. The government built us a new road and high school, but that is all the help it has given us. We might have big houses here, but the people of Koh Dach are very poor. Today, some children go to universities, but there is no guarantee that they will get good jobs. When people from Koh Dach go to the city, they usually end up working in garment factories.”

Sam Ath, 39, with his wife.

Even when discussing his dwindling fortunes, soft-spoken Sam Ath, 39, wears a gentle smile. His wife, caressing a small white puppy, watches us from a hammock while frantic hens dart around our feet. Somewhere behind their house a hoarse rooster crows incessantly, a grating sound that does not disturb the little grey-brown kitten napping on the bench of one of the family’s two looms.

Sam Ath’s family lives a hand-to-mouth existence, barely making ends meet between weaving and the produce of their small plantation. A decade ago, weaving was a profitable business: the family lived in comfort. Since 1999, however, the cost of raw materials (i.e. cotton, silk, etc.) has continued to rise while the price paid by Phnom Penh merchants for textiles, scarves, and sarongs hasn’t changed. While the family’s output remains steady (two people working two looms can create a maximum of two garments per day), the volume of products purchased by merchants has been declining in recent years: Sam Ath’s small wooden home is stuffed with unsold sarongs and scarves. When I ask Sam Ath if he would like to see his children learn the art of weaving, his answer is an adamant “no.” Every dollar he saves goes towards his children’s education: his son is currently pursuing a medical degree in the capital while his teenage daughter devotes herself fulltime to completing high school. A way of life that has supported Sam Ath’s family for generations is no longer viable—he is the last in line of a family of weavers that dates back to the furthest reaches of remembered history. I ask Sam Ath if there is any way to save Koh Dach’s weaving industry. “NGOs could help,” he says. “The government could help. They could support the community. They could expand our market. I don’t think this will happen.” The only NGO operating on Koh Dach provides two HIV-positive families with money and food, support which Koh Dach’s increasingly impoverished population resents.

Chhoen Sam Ang, 60, at work under her home.

Flashing a smile full of gold and silver fillings, Chhoen Sam Ang, 60, proudly boasts that she has never made the short trip to the capital city. She has only left her Koh Dach home once: in 1975, like most of the island’s residents, Chhoen Sam Ang was forced to move to the mainland to farm rice in a Khmer Rouge labour camp. She is not bitter about this. At the time, Koh Dach was a warzone: as early as 1971, Khmer Rouge forces were engaging the government on the island. When the Khmer Rouge fell in 1979, Chhoen Sam Ang returned to Koh Dach. She hasn’t left since.

A half-dozen children run around Chhoen Sam Ang’s single loom. Chickens, pigs, and cattle rest in the shade of broad-leafed banana plants. A pretty young neighbour scrutinizes me while breastfeeding an infant. Chhoen Sam Ang tells me that with the exception of a mentally challenged son, those of her seven children that don’t work in Phnom Penh’s garment factories weave on the island. She worries about their future. “Weaving used to be profitable,” she says. “Now, even with selling bananas from my plantation, I don’t always have enough money to buy food. I weave every day. I buy materials, work and work. It takes a day or two to finish a sarong. And still, sometimes, there are no merchants willing to buy. Then I lose. When I lose, I take loans from the bank. I cannot pay the bank. My debt grows. This is happening to everyone here.” I glance at her loom. The blue, gold, and pink sarong she is working on is exquisitely detailed. In Canada, I am sure, it would fetch more than ten times the pittance merchants pay for her work.

As far back as she can remember, Chhoen Sam Ang’s family has been weaving. She doesn’t want to see her grandchildren follow in her footsteps. “There is no future in weaving,” she says. “In Cambodia, the rich get richer; the poor get poorer. All the young people are leaving Koh Dach. Maybe my grandchildren will be able to survive working in Phnom Penh’s garment factories.”

Garment factories are one of the major forces driving Cambodia’s economic growth.

As massive hangar-like garment factories spring up around the country, it seems that the demand for hand-woven textiles is disappearing. To its international clients, the Cambodian government boasts having garment factories that are clean, modern, and safe, a boast which (with the exception of several recent mass faintings) is more or less true. While working conditions are decent, ethical production in Cambodia does not extend to workers’ salaries. In 2010, tens of thousands of garment workers went on strike to protest what they deemed an insufficient increase in their minimum wage. While unions had demanded an increase from $50 to $93 USD per month, the government raised minimum wages to $61. The protests, which were violently suppressed by the police, achieved nothing. Thus, by keeping production costs extremely low, Cambodia’s garment factories have been able to secure multimillion dollar contracts from international clothing retailers such as the GAP, Levi’s, and H&M.

While garment manufacturing is one of the three major pillars supporting Cambodia’s recent economic boom (the other two are agricultural exports and tourism), a handful of factory owners and government officials disproportionally benefit from this multibillion dollar industry. For the 350,000 predominately young women working these factories’ sewing machines and steam presses six days a week, their prospects will never surpass the sixty-odd dollars they make each month. Working from eight in the morning to six at night, a single garment worker produces approximately one hundred shirts, jeans, sweaters, shorts, or panties a day. By contrast, a weaver on Koh Dach, waking up at dawn and taking occasional breaks to chat with visiting neighbours, can make the same living producing a single garment in one or two days. But, as there are no longer any guarantees that merchants will buy their handmade products, the children of Koh Dach’s weavers are increasingly exchanging the slow lonely clacking whoosh of the loom for the dizzying crowded mechanized whirl of the factory in order to secure a stable income.

“Even with my children working in garment factories, I still don’t want to visit Phnom Penh,” Chhoen Sam Ang says towards the end of our interview. “And why should I? There is nothing for me there.”

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

PHOTO ESSAY: Flooded Fields, Forgotten Farmers

22 Oct

For behold, I will bring a flood of waters upon the earth to destroy all flesh in which is the breath of life from under heaven; everything that is on the earth shall die.
GENESIS 6:17

For the past two months, Cambodia has been ravaged by the worst floods in remembered history. While the recent flooding in Thailand has made international headlines, the equally devastating floods in Cambodia have mostly gone unreported. An estimated one million people have been affected in seventeen of Cambodia’s twenty-three provinces by floodwater as deep as two metres. Government officials claim that 247 people have died, although the real number is likely much higher.

The worst hit areas have been the low-lying provinces of Kampong Thom, Prey Veng, and Kampong Cham. Throughout the country, rice fields have been destroyed and it is feared that the Kingdom will face serious food shortages in the coming months. Official sources state that the flooding has completely ruined 190,000 hectares of rice paddy and damaged 390,000 more—an area that corresponds to nearly a quarter of Cambodia’s rice-producing land. A Council of Ministers spokesman has assured Cambodians that there will still be enough rice to meet both export and domestic needs, but the grounds for his statement remain ambiguous.

In addition to potential food shortages, the floods have created more immediate dangers. There has been a spike in mosquito-borne illnesses such as dengue fever and there is currently a large-scale outbreak of diarrhea in the provinces—a major killer in the developing world. Submerged power lines and generators create the risk of electrocution, and decreased land area increases one’s chance of encountering venomous snakes, spiders, and large aggressive animals such as crocodiles and elephants.

Last month, the Cambodian government staged a dramatic helicopter rescue of more than 200 tourists stranded by flash floods at Bantey Srei, a 10th century Hindu temple famous for its intricately carved red sandstone walls and archways. The government’s assistance to affected Cambodians, however, has been less spectacular.

On October 13, Prime Minister Hun Sen announced that this year’s water festival would be cancelled in order to channel money and resources to flood relief. The water festival, Cambodia’s most important public holiday, marks the reversal of the Tonlé Sap river’s flow with three days of carnivals and boat races in the capital city. Last year, the festival ended in tragedy when more than three hundred people were trampled to death on a small bridge leading to the recently redeveloped Diamond Island.

A National Committee of Disaster spokesman stated that 76,000 flood-affected families have already received government assistance. While Cambodia has not requested international help, it has been receiving money and supplies from China, Singapore, the United States, Australia, Vietnam, Japan, and NGOs such as Save the Children. I spoke to several farmers on the tiny Mekong River island of Koh Trung in Kratie province. The majority of families in this agricultural community have seen their crops destroyed by nearly two metres of water. Each family has only been given a single aid package consisting of several cups of rice, a few packages of instant noodles, a bottle of fish sauce, and a packet of soup seasoning.

After more than a month, much of Cambodia still remains under water. Some speculate that the rampant deforestation of this once jungle-clad country may be partly to blame for the severity of this year’s flood. When Cambodia experienced its last major flood more than a decade ago, floodwater stayed on the ground for approximately ten days. As of today, October 22, 2011, water levels throughout this inundated country continue to rise.

The following photographs were taken in September and October in Kratie, Kampong Cham, Siem Reap, Battambang, and Pursat provinces. The dramatic nature of the flooding was made particularly clear to me near Kratie. On September 20, I took a boat tour of the upper reaches of the Mekong River to see Cambodia’s elusive pod of freshwater dolphins. The boat driver claimed that the river had swelled to nearly double its normal width, and along its banks, we could see green shrub-like tufts: the tops of submerged trees. When I returned two days later to conduct interviews in the community, the cement bench I had previously sat on near the water’s edge was nowhere to be seen: the river had risen by more than a metre in 36 hours. That same boat driver said he had never seen flooding so bad in all of his fifty years.

The following day, all the streets in town were flooded. It was time to leave. I took a bus to Kampong Cham and was greeted by the smiling young faces of soldiers filling sandbags. The town’s riverfront promenade was completely inundated. While the people watched with horror as the Mekong rose, threatening their homes and businesses, laughing children splashed in the dirty brown pools that had collected between the rows of sandbags. In the surrounding villages, the only dry land was a raised strip of narrow tarmac. This highway was a condensed tableau of village life: cows, chickens, pigs, and children filled the road while adults watched mournfully from the islands that were their stilted houses.

Further afield, the dirt roads of Kampong Thom province were soup, and in the town of Siem Reap, I had to roll up my pants to navigate around the tourist quarter. When I visited Kbal Spean, a river famous for its thousand Shiva lingas, the water was so high that no ancient stone penises could be seen. In Battambang, river water lapped the back doors of stilt-raised houses, and in Pursat province, only the roofs were visible of the stilted houses that lined the mighty Tonlé Sap lake. The thousand families in the nearby village of Kampong Luong, however, were unaffected: their wood and corrugated iron homes forever float on oil drums, bundles of mature bamboos, and dugout canoes.

On the ride back to Phnom Penh, the bus driver told me not to put my rucksack in the bus’ undercarriage. As we drove through Kampong Chhnang province, I learned why: the bus ploughed through nearly a metre of water on National Highway 5, one of Cambodia busiest roadways. Back in Phnom Penh, I was glad to find my neighbourhood dry. Others in the capital, however, have not been so lucky: the predominately Cham Muslim communities nestled between National Highway 1 and the Tonlé Sap river have spent several weeks sleeping in waterlogged beds.

(click photos to enlarge)

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

PHOTO ESSAY: Crumbling Kep

30 Sep

Kep is built around the edges of a small jungle-clad peninsula that juts into the gulf of Thailand. In 1908, the town was established as a seaside retreat for Cambodia’s French colons. After Cambodia declared independence in 1953, Kep became a favourite resort for the country’s moneyed elite. In the 1970s and 80s, Kep’s villas were systematically bombed and looted by the Khmer Rouge and the invading Vietnamese. Kep remained a blackened ghost town until the early 2000s when tourism brought about its redevelopment. Today, paved roads link the town to the rest of Cambodia and most homes finally have electricity. Kep’s abandoned villas have all been bought up and several luxury hotels are currently in construction: it’s only a matter of time before the entire town is restored to its former glory.

(click photos to enlarge)

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

DENGUE & DEATH FEAR DREAMS

26 Sep

Aedes aegypti: the culprit

Dengue. Two weeks of hot and cold fever vision head pains, shakes and splatters. It came in three acts, climax in the third at an empty guesthouse in Kep, Cambodia: a half-ghost town seaside resort where squatters live in the charred roofless ruins of French colonial villas that are slowly being reclaimed by the tangled green of the surrounding jungle. For three days, the rain came down without respite. Waves crashed over the seawall; streets flooded. And in my bedbug-infested room, I sweated and feared. The fever came stronger. I don’t remember night number nine.

Morning of day ten: I think it’s time to see a doctor.

I pulled myself out of bed, each limb a tired heavy log. Cowering under my mildewy plastic poncho, I stumbled five hundred dizzy rainy metres to the little restaurant where a persistent waiter had tried to sell me tours when I first arrived.

“Hello friend,” the man said, seeing me emerge from the rain. He wore the same striped golf shirt as when we first met. He was young, mid-20s at the oldest, with a faint wisp of a moustache on his smooth brown face. “You come back. I remember. You want boat tour today? You want visit old temple?”

“No,” I said, “I’m sick. I need to see a doctor.”

“So, you no want tour?”

“No.”

“Oh.”

“I want to see a doctor. Is there a doctor in Kep?”

“There is doctor over there,” the waiter said, waving to the distance.

“Does he speak English?”

“Maybe.”

“Maybe?”

“Maybe.”

“Can you take me?”

The waiter frowned, looked me up and down. “You buy tour?”

“Oh man, not today. I have diarrhea. Do you understand? Di-a-rrhe-a. My head feels like it’s going to explode”—I mimed—“But when I’m better, I SWEAR I’ll only buy tours from you. I swear.”

The waiter thought this over. He hailed a guy dozing on a plastic chair, spoke to him in rapid-fire Khmer.

“This my brother,” he said. “He drive tuk tuk. He take you.”

“Does he speak English?”

“No.”

“How will the doctor know what’s wrong with me?”

The waiter sighed, shook his head. “Okay, okay,” he said. “I come. I translate. You buy tour next time.”

“I buy tour next time.”

We dashed to the tuk tuk and the driver started the engine. The little Chinese motorbike chugged to life and its gaudily-painted trailer bounced over the pothole-riddled road. We drove along the seawall—lurch, lurch, lurch—brown churned ocean, salt spray in my face, jungle-clad islands poking hills through the hazy distance, each lurch and bump a hatchet in my skull, a blow to my stomach. Sphincter puckered: I’m surprised I didn’t shit my pants.

As we drove, the waiter made idle conversation: “Where you from?” and “How long you stay Cambodia?” and “You want have tour tomorrow?”

I held my throbbing hot head in my hands. If I’m alive tomorrow…

We passed a statue of a naked woman, another of a giant crab, then an empty market and more bombed-out villas. Locals cowered in the doorways of ramshackle huts, watching the cold driving rain. No one was out in the streets.

After about fifteen minutes the tuk tuk stopped in front of a dilapidated one-room shack.

“Why are we stopping?” I said. “Where’s the doctor?”

The waiter gave me a strange look and said, “This is doctor office.”

The wood and corrugated iron shack was built on wooden stilts over an open sewer where brown frothy water and debris gushed towards the sea.

I hesitated and the waiter said, “You no worry. This is good doctor. No problem. He give me babies.”

I stepped into the rain, ran to the covered porch. The waiter followed. Rain hard on metal roof: deafening. Chinks in the floor showed me rushing filthy water. A half-unconscious man groaned topless on a rattan mat in a corner, and behind a chain-link window was the middle-aged doctor’s sour mud face.

The waiter spoke to the doctor. A piece was missing from his fat lumpy forehead. I steadied myself against the rickety wall. The squat doctor grunted, gave me a quick glance: the only time he looked at me.

“You’re telling him everything, right?” I said.

“I tell, I tell.”

“You told him about the headache and diarrhea and fever?”

The waiter added something and said, “I tell. I tell.”

The doctor started rummaging through a small glass case: his medicine chest. There were maybe twenty different types of pills in boxes and bottles. No more. The doctor picked up a little pair of scissors and started trimming away pills from larger bubble sheets. He took his sweet time, rounding all the edges before placing the pills in a little plastic bag. The doctor pushed the bag through the chain-link and coughed.

“He say take one now, then one later,” the waiter said.

I examined the contents of the bag: two big grey-black discs, four slightly different round white tablets, two gel caps filled with multicoloured pellets, and a pair of something pastel pill green.

“I only take one?”

“You take one one one now,” the waiter, “and one one one later.”

“One one one?”

“Yes, one one one.”

“You mean I take half of them now, then half of them later? And when later? Later tonight? Tomorrow?”

The waiter spoke. The doctor spat.

“Five o’clock later. One one one.”

“Okay,” I said. “Okay. How much for all this?”

The waiter asked. Another doctor grunt.

“You pay four thousand riel.”

One dollar. One one one. All right. I fished out the money and said thanks to the doctor in Khmer. He narrowed his eyes. The waiter stepped off the porch and I followed and—thwack!—slammed my head against a roof beam. I fell, narrowly missed tumbling into the sewer. Ha ha went the smiling waiter. Ha ha went the stained shirt-wearing tuk tuk driver. Ha ha went the shit-eating doctor. Ha ha went the topless guy who I thought was unconscious.

“Ha fucking ha,” I said. “Real funny. I’m glad you cocksuckers are having such a good laugh.”

Smiles and ha has were my reply. Slowly, I picked myself up and climbed into the tuk tuk. We bounced and flew beside the angry sea.

Back at the restaurant, I chased the first round of pills with water. The waiter said, “You pay my brother.”

“How much?”

They spoke.

“Three dollar,” the waiter said.

“Three dollars?!” Most Cambodians makes less than that in a day.

“Three dollar.”

Too sick to haggle, I paid. The driver smiled. Head reeling, I sat down.

“When’s the next bus to Phnom Penh?” I asked the waiter. “I think I need to go to a real hospital.”

The waiter looked at his watch. “It’s one thirty,” he said. “Last bus was ten minutes ago. You stay Kep today. You want have tour today?”

The rain eased for a few hours, and bundled in my poncho, I sat shaking on the small rocky beach, watching the waves. Khmer children splashed from inner tubes while their fully dressed mothers waded into the surf. A teenager approached me—“Hello sir. Can I practice English with you?—and we exchanged halting pleasantries until the rain came heavy again. Back in my room, I finished the pills. I still felt awful. Using the hotel’s ancient computer, I researched the medication the doctor had given me: all the pills were for urinary tract infections.

Another toss and turn night. Damp rainy bed. Cold fever sweats, hot flashes. Itching all over. Cough cough. Knives between my eyes. Aching weak body. Running to the bathroom down the hall again and again and again… Sunday morning I pack my bag and trudge to the bus stop for a bouncing rain-delayed ride back to the capital. I won’t describe the journey, but know that it was bad. When I finally collapsed in my apartment later that evening, I called a friend who’d been living in Phnom Penh for the past three years.

“Absolutely do not go to a clinic today,” he said. “Wait until Monday. The medical infrastructure in the city is bad enough as is, and the doctors they have working nights and weekends are bottom of the barrel: mail-order degrees. Hang in there man.”

Another night. Same same. It’s always worst at night. Vision shakes and death dreams. Shivering and soaking through my sheets.

In the morning, I headed to a clinic. I drove my own motorbike. Stupid fucking me. The doctors were all outside smoking when I arrived. One of them—a hollow-faced eastern European woman with a thick cigarette-husky voice—said, “Follow me.”

Examination. Blood tests. Verdict: you have dengue.

Dengue fever (also known as breakbone fever) is a mosquito-borne tropical disease endemic to Central and South America, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. There is no vaccine and there is no cure. One to five percent of the nearly 100 million people infected each year die. Symptoms come in waves and can last for over three weeks. Dengue is transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a little black and white striped fucker that is most active during the day. Highly domesticated, Aedes aegypti makes its home in plastic containers and old tires. Aedes aegypti lives mostly in cities and preys almost exclusively on humans. Another common host is Aedes albopictus: the Asian tiger mosquito.

Treatment: a whole mountain of medication to combat my symptoms and several hours of being fed intravenously. After handing me a hefty bill, the doctor said, “Go home and rest for the next few days. There is little else you can do.”

Driving home, dizzy me. Why didn’t I take a tuk tuk? Cheap fucking bastard. Crossing an intersection, I’m clipped by a racing motorbike. I spill into the street. Traffic stops. The other motorbike keeps going. A few men loitering on the corner rush to help me up. My hands and elbows and shoulders are scraped and filled with dirt. Holes have been torn into my shirt and bag. I’m shaken, but my wounds are superficial; the bike is fine.

“Be more careful,” one of the men said in perfect English, “and look both ways before crossing the street.”

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

MY NOODLE LADY, MARIE

14 Sep

Marie at work

Marie was my noodle lady. It was love in its own way. The first time I saw her in the sweaty dirt bustle of the Russian Market, she smiled perfect white teeth and said, “Hello. You want eat noodle?”

I froze. Did I want to eat noodle? “Yes,” I decided, “Very much.”

She put a hand on her grease-splattered hip, pursed her pretty brown lips. “You want beef noodle? Chicken noodle?” Her singsong voice was as light as a bird’s

“No,” I said. “Only vegetables.”

“You want egg?”

“Sure.”

“Okay,” Marie grinned. “You sit. You sit here.” She gestured to one of five plastic stools arranged around her small L-shaped table.

The wok was fired, noodles fried. In two minutes, a steaming plate, simple and delicious: thick rice noodles tossed in some salty-sweet brown sauce with sprigs of greens, bean sprouts, diced crispy garlic and a fried egg on top. Yum!

“Have spicy,” Marie said, passing me a crusty jar brimming with red chilli paste. I had spicy. I sweated my shirt wet. Marie laughed and pointed her small fan at me. It was love in its own way.

For three weeks, I visited Marie’s noodle stall nearly every other day. I tried her rice, tried her soup, but love is best with the first bite: I kept to Marie’s noodles. I would eat, she would smile. When I finished, I’d rub my belly and say, “Oh, that was good.” Marie would giggle, “Five thousand riel.” 5000 riel = $1.25. Love was cheap and noodles were plentiful and delicious Marie was always there behind her wok near the north entrance of the rickety market, two lanes over from the nauseating fly-infested strip where slabs of meat rot in the close heat.

We exhausted conversation on that first meeting. “Were you born in Phnom Penh?” and “Do you work here every day?” and “How many people are in your family?” only got me cocked heads, giggles, and “I no speak English.” But Marie, you spoke, your voice, the music: your noodle talk was impeccable. “What’s your name?” repeated six times got me “Marie,” and “How old are you?” meant nothing until I scribbled my own age—26—on a piece of paper. Marie nodded, “Same same me. Same same me.” Same same hunger, same same souls, Marie.

Seven days a week, she worked flipping and frying, always cheerful, always beautiful in spite of the layer of cooking oil that covered her clothes and smooth skin. In spite of? Perhaps because of… What’s your secret, Marie? When the weather was clear, she’d pull a little string and a panel would flip back from the aluminum roof, illuminating sweet Marie with a halo of Cambodia’s blinding sun. When it rained, the floor flooded—I always wore sandals—and over the deafening roar of water pounding sheet metal, Marie would smile and shout, “Hello. You want eat noodle?”

This could have gone on forever. And really, I hoped that it would. I told my friends: “There’s this noodle lady. She’s beautiful. Her cooking: wow!” Replies: “You should go for it, man. Ask her out.” “No,” I’d say, “you don’t understand. I have all my love here,” tapping my belly, “And besides, it’s better this way.” That’s how I wanted it: me smiling over my plate and Marie over her wok, giggle tee-hee. But all things must pass. I keep telling myself that: all things must pass, Marie.

Another day, another smile. I had been visiting Marie so frequently that the “You want eat noodle?” had been dropped from the “Hello.” Now, Marie would just greet me and start cooking. She knew what I wanted; she tasted my need.

Noodles fried, grease went splatter plop pop. A steaming plate, I began to eat. Like all vendors in the market, Marie keeps her ingredients in plastic bags inside a small glass case. I was sitting in front of that glass case. I was sitting and slurping my noodles when something moved. I looked back at Marie. She waved.

“It good?” she said.

“So good.”

Giggle giggle. Noodle yum. Slurp, suck, chew. I look back at the case. Something moved—no mistake.

“What the..?”

I leaned in close, put my nose to the glass, and… heaving, pulsing, squirming black mass, an orgy, cockroaches dance.

“Ugh.” I said, but what could I do? It’s a hungry land, was I going to throw away food? I finished the noodles and paid.

“See you, see you,” Marie sang—her last song—as I walked away. I never felt sick (thank god), but I never came back.

Oh Marie. Both noodle ladies and foreigners come and go, I know. I’ve found another. I avoid you. I skirt your part of the market. I am a coward. Do you think me long goodbye-less gone? No noodle lady has your beauty, and few possess your charm, but curt homely Lin sells the same dish for 3000 riel, and while I’d still pay a little more for your smile Marie, Lin’s noodles (so far) have been cockroach free.

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

DEVELOPMENT & DEATH: THE STORY OF DIAMOND ISLAND

31 Aug

Diamond Island's Ferris Wheel

Diamond Island (or Koh Pich in Khmer) is a spit of land located a few kilometres south of the confluence of the Mekong and Tonlé Sap rivers. It is separated from Phnom Penh by a narrow channel and two small bridges. On weekends, Phnom Penh’s youth descend on Diamond Island to sip coffee and beer, stroll amidst gaudy art deco gardens, ride Ferris wheels, play carnival games, and, most importantly, cruise on their motorbikes.

On November 22, 2010, Diamond Island made international headlines when over three hundred people were trampled to death and nearly eight hundred more were injured in a stampede on the island’s northernmost bridge. People from surrounding provinces had flocked to the island for the annual three-day water festival—Cambodia’s most important public holiday that marks both the end of the monsoon season and the reversal of the Tonlé Sap River’s flow. After a day of boat races and an evening of concerts, mass panic ensued. Several investigations were launched to determine what sparked the tragedy, but no conclusions were ever made. Similarly, news media outlets all cited different causes for the stampede (see below). In order to avert future tragedies, the government has begun constructing several new bridges to be opened in time for this year’s festival.

Stampede aftermath: November 23, 2010

The development of Diamond Island epitomizes the changing face of Phnom Penh. A decade ago, the island was home to three hundred poor families who made their meagre livings growing rice and catching fish. Today, after several land reclamation projects, it is a concrete sprawl of western-style fast food restaurants, banquet halls, carnival rides, and games. A gated community of cookie-cutter townhouses is currently in construction on the island’s southern tip, and there are plans to build several condominiums, a shopping mall, and even a hospital. Developers envision Diamond Island becoming a city within a city; a place for the affluent to live and play without having to rub noses with the capital’s impoverished masses.

But what happened to the people who used to live here? And what happened last November?

I found Chon (27) lounging on a bench with a pretty Japanese backpacker. Born in Kampot province, Chon moved to Phnom Penh to pursue a legal education. “I come here every day,” he said. “In Cambodia, there are no places to travel; no places to relax. I come here whenever I can.” Chon’s favourite activity? Cruising on his moto. When I asked him about what Diamond Island was like before its recent development, Chon said, “Before, there were no buildings, no roads. Nothing. There was only land.” My final question: what can Cambodians learn from last year’s tragedy? Chon said, “It was terrible, but there is nothing we can learn. There was no reason for it.”

Nuomcham engaged in Cambodia's favourite pastime

When I met Nuomcham (22), she was engaged in Cambodia’s most popular pastime: sitting on the back of a parked motorbike and chatting with friends. An unemployed hairdresser, Nuomcham visits Diamond Island weekly with her boyfriend and family to people watch. When I asked her what Diamond Island looked like before its recent makeover, she said, “I have no idea.”

Whereas most western amusement parks have multiple carnival games, Diamond Island only has one: balloons and darts. There must be nearly a hundred stalls operating the same game, and wherever you walk, proprietors rush at you with handfuls of darts, begging you to play. The prizes? Stuffed animals, cheap plastic toys, wood sculptures, house wares, and dusty bottles of soda, dish soap, and bleach.  5000 riel ($1.25 USD) buys me eight darts. I only hit three balloons. My prize: a glass mug.

Praoun working his balloon and dart game

Praoun (23) moved to Phnom Penh a year and a half ago from Takeo province to work at the carnival. “I love my job,” he said, “but business has been bad since the stampede. Less people come.” On the night of November 20, 2010, Praoun was working his booth when tragedy struck. “I felt very scared when I heard the commotion,” he said, “but I did not see it.” When I asked him why it happened, he said, “I do not know.”

I saw Srey (52) lounging in a faux-Greco gazebo supported by columns of bare-breasted women in togas. Five years ago, Srey moved to Phnom Penh with her family from Svay Rieng province to find work. Now, she sells beverages near the bridge that leads to the island.

Of all the people I talked to on Diamond Island, Srey was the only one who seemed to know about the area’s past. She told me about the poor farmers who used to scrape their living off this small strip of land, farmers who periodically return to the island to watch its transformation. It was from their mouths that Srey learned of their fate. In the early 2000s, the government, having already reached deals with investors to develop the island, offered its residents a buyout package: $100,000 USD for each family plot. While many people took the offer and left, others decided to stay. This was their home: they had nowhere else to go. When government agents returned the following year, they offered the remaining inhabitants $50,000 for their family plots. With no documentation proving the ownership of their land, many families buckled to their inevitably declining fortunes and accepted the offer. However, armed with legally binding property deeds, twenty three families decided to stay. Police arrived and forcefully evicted these remaining farmers. This last group received no compensation.

Srey enjoying the Diamond Island air

On the night of November 22, 2010, Srey was at Diamond Island, busy selling drinks to the crowds that had come for the water festival. She witnessed the stampede firsthand: “There were two groups of men fighting. When one fled, the other followed. The fight continued on the bridge, and people started coming to watch. So many people came onto the bridge, they began to be crushed. People jumped off the bridge and into the water. Some hit boats under the bridge and died. People got free, begged me for water. I gave it to them. The police showed up and starting beating back the crowds that had assembled.”

Despite its troubling history, Diamond Island remains Srey’s favourite place in Phnom Penh: “There is nowhere else we can go to enjoy fresh air in the evenings, nowhere else to walk.” It should be noted that with the exception of a few strips of grass and benches between busy downtown boulevards, Phnom Penh completely lacks public parkland.

Dizzying Diamond Island distractions

The city’s youth, it seems, does not want to be bothered with the past: they come to Diamond Island to have fun; they live for the pleasures of the present. The city is rapidly changing, and to Phnom Penh’s young majority, all changes are good. “These things are not so important,” Chon said towards the end of our interview—I had asked him about his feelings regarding last year’s stampede. “Why do you ask these questions? Things like this happen everywhere and all the time.”

 

*          *          *

For harrowing firsthand accounts of last November’s tragedy, see the following articles:
Global Voices: “Cambodia: Stampede Tragedy During Water Festival”
France 24: “Hundreds Dead as Popular Water Festival Ends in Tragedy”
Sky News: “Cambodia: 456 Dead in Festival Stampede”
The New York Times: “Stampede in Cambodia Leaves Hundreds Dead”

Tags: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Follow

Get every new post delivered to your Inbox.